The Africaness of Ancient Egyptian Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Africaness of Ancient Egyptian Art - Essay Example Egypt and the African civilizations surrounding came into closer contact largely through political domination and trade. Egypt built some of its strongest ties with Nubia, located in what is now Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan. Nubia was home to one of the earliest black civilizations, dating back to 3100 b.c. It was also rich in gold, ebony and ivory and would contribute greatly to Egyptian wealth. Egypt's relations with Nubia from 1950 b.c to 1100 b.c. have been noted as being one largely of domination. During this time period Nubia adopted many aspects of Egyptian culture, such as the hieroglyphic writing system and the worship of Egyptian gods, although in many respects they adapted them to their own practices and rituals. In recent years the discovery near Thebes of a tomb dating back to 1575 b.c has led to renewed interest on the nature of relations between the two nations. The finding consists of 22 lines of hieroglyphics, which describe the invasion of the Sudanese Kingdom of Kush in Egypt. Mamdouh El-Damadi, the director general of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo emphasized the importance of the inscription in understanding Kushite ambitions in Egypt (El-Ahram, p. 10). Some eight hundred years later the Kushites would be called upon to save Thebes from Northern invasion, an alliance that would result in the rule of Egypt and Nubia of Kushite kings. While historians have often portrayed Egypt's relationship with the African continent as that of dominator and dominated an examination of Egyptian artwork shows us that, indeed, it is far more complex. Ancient Egyptian artwork was dominated by a strict set of rules, or a code, if you like. This code was called Frontalism and its most noticeable features were the human figure shown rigid with its head and legs turned to the side, but with its eyes and body forward facing. Despite the severity of the figure's stance their facial features are described as serene. Another aspect of Ancient Egyptian art is its continuity over a three thousand year old time span. Lisa Kremen notes that one of the most noticeable aspects of Egyptian culture was its "ability to preserve the past and prevail with relatively little change" (www.bergen.org). As far back as early life in the Sahara we can see influences that would later be present in Egyptian Art. The Tassili cave paintings provide us with information about early life in the Sahara, before the desert began to dry and populations moved towards the Nile. Abimbola Asojo claims, "contemporary historians have stressed the influences of Saharan art and engravings on Ancient Egyptian art. Some of these scholars believe Ancient Egyptian art borrowed heavily from Sahara art which preceded and ran parallel to the Egyptian form (p. 129)." Many of the figures in the paintings show aspects of Frontalism, with the figures rigid in posture and the heads and legs in profile (see image 1). Of additional interest is the similarity between the depiction of human figures at Tassili and those of the Amarna period (see image 2). Differentiating from previous periods in Ancient Egyptian art Amarna art "resides in the physical appearance of Akhenaton, his wife and his daughters. Their elongate craniums, drooping features, long necks, pot bellies, large hips and

Abstract Expressionism - Control VS Chance Research Paper

Abstract Expressionism - Control VS Chance - Research Paper Example The research paper "Abstract Expressionism - Control VS Chance" investigates abstract expressionism. It challenges the controlled aspects in art and gives us the freedom to express our own idea of what art is through expression. If you take your time to look at a work of art, it should take you through a process, emotions, and should tell a story, which is what Abstract Expressionism does. From brush strokes, to color schemes, to texture, to geometric and organic shape and line, Abstract Expressionism provides an experience that is reserved for those who are willing to experience a journey of something different and not immediate familiar. Artists such as Hans Hofmann, Jackson Polluck, Franz Kline, Gerhard Richter, and Norman Lewis have been leaders in abstract expressionism through painting and I personally have been inspired through their works. My paintings, mixed media art, and photography are all influenced by Abstract Expressionism. While analyzing the works of these artists, w e will discuss the comparison of control versus chance in art and the need for Abstract Expressionism in the contemporary world of art. It emerged soon after the Second World War thereby developing a new trend in painting among other types of arts. Different artists that shared the school of thought appreciated different features of art as they sought the freedom to express their creativity and artistic instinct in the development of art. Abstract expressionism therefore relies on the creativity, energy and action.

Efficient Movement Of Finished Goods Marketing Essay

Efficient Movement Of Finished Goods Marketing Essay Physical distribution is the set of activities concerned with efficient movement of finished goods from the end of the production operation to the consumer. Physical distribution takes place within numerous wholesaling and retailing distribution channels, and includes such important decision areas as customer service, inventory control, materials handling, protective packaging, order procession, transportation, warehouse site selection, and warehousing. Physical distribution is part of a larger process called distribution, which includes wholesale and retail marketing, as well the physical movement of products. Physical distribution activities have recently received increasing attention from business managers, including small business owners. This is due in large part to the fact that these functions often represent almost half of the total marketing costs of a product. In fact, research studies indicate that physical distribution costs nationally amount to approximately 20 percent of the countrys total gross national product (GNP). These findings have led many small businesses to expand their cost-cutting efforts beyond their historical focus on production to encompass physical distribution activities. The importance of physical distribution is also based on its relevance to customer satisfaction. By storing goods in convenient locations for shipment to wholesalers and retailers, and by creating fast, reliable means of moving the goods, small business owners can help assure continued success in a rapidly changing, competitive global market. A SYSTEM APPROACH Physical distribution can be viewed as a system of components linked together for the efficient movement of products. Small business owners can ask the following questions in addressing these components: Customer servicehat level of customer service should be provided? Transportationow will the products be shipped? Warehousinghere will the goods be located? How many warehouses should be utilized? Order processingow should the orders be handled? Inventory controlow much inventory should be maintained at each location? Protective packaging and materials handlingow can efficient methods be developed for handling goods in the factory, warehouse, and transport terminals? These components are interrelated: decisions made in one area affect the relative efficiency of others. For example, a small business that provides customized personal computers may transport finished products by air rather than by truck, as faster delivery times may allow lower inventory costs, which would more than offset the higher cost of air transport. Viewing physical distribution from a systems perspective can be the key to providing a defined level of customer service at the lowest possible cost. CUSTOMER SERVICE Customer service is a precisely-defined standard of customer satisfaction which a small business owner intends to provide for its customers. For example, a customer service standard for the above-mentioned provider of customized computers might be that 60 percent of all PCS reach the customer within 48 hours of ordering. It might further set a standard of delivering 90 percent of all of its units within 72 hours, and all 100 percent of its units within 96 hours. A physical distribution system is then set up to reach this goal at the lowest possible cost. In todays fast-paced, technologically advanced business environment, such systems often involve the use of specialized software that allows the owner to track inventory while simultaneously analyzing all the routes and transportation modes available to determine the fastest, most cost-effective way to delivery goods on time. TRANSPORTATION The United States transportation system has long been a government-regulated industry, much like its telephone and electrical utilities. But in 1977 the deregulation of transportation began with the removal of federal regulations for cargo air carriers not engaged in passenger transportation. The deregulation movement has since expanded in ways that have fundamentally altered the transportation landscape for small business owners, large conglomerates and, ultimately, the consumer. Transportation costs are largely based on the rates charged by carriers. There are two basic types of transportation rates: class and commodity. The class rate, which is the higher of the two rates, is the standard rate for every commodity moving between any two destinations. The commodity rate is sometimes called a special rate, since it is given by carriers to shippers as a reward for either regular use or large-quantity shipments. Unfortunately, many small business owners do not have the volume of shipping needed to take advantage of commodity rates. However, small businesses are increasingly utilizing a third type of rate that has emerged in recent years. This rate is known as a negotiated or contract rate. Popularized in the 1980s following transportation deregulation, contract rates allow a shipper and carrier to negotiate a rate for a particular service, with the terms of the rate, service, and other variables finalized in a contract between the two parties. Transportation cos ts vary by mode of shipping, as discussed below. TRUCKINGLEXIBLE AND GROWING The shipping method most favored by small business (and many large enterprises as well) is trucking. Carrying primarily manufactured products (as opposed to bulk materials), trucks offer fast, frequent, and economic delivery to more destinations in the country than any other mode. Trucks are particularly useful for short-distance shipments, and they offer relatively fast, consistent service for both large and small shipments. AIR FREIGHTAST BUT EXPENSIVE Because of the relatively high cost of air transport, small businesses typically use air only for the movement of valuable or highly-perishable products. However, goods that qualify for this treatment do represent a significant share of the small business market. Owners can sometimes offset the high cost of air transportation with reduced inventory-holding costs and the increased business that may accompany faster customer service. WATER CARRIERSLOW BUT INEXPENSIVE There are two basic types of water carriers: inland or barge lines, and oceangoing deep-water ships. Barge lines are efficient transporters of bulky, low-unit-value commodities such as grain, gravel, lumber, sand, and steel. Barge lines typically do not serve small businesses. Oceangoing ships, on the other hand, operate in the Great Lakes, transporting goods among port cities, and in international commerce. Sea shipments are an important part of foreign trade, and thus are of vital importance to small businesses seeking an international market share. RAILROADSONG DISTANCE SHIPPING Railroads continue to present an efficient mode for the movement of bulky commodities over long distances. These commodities include coal, chemicals, grain, non-metallic minerals, and lumber and wood products. PIPELINESPECIALIZED TRANSPORTERS Pipelines are utilized to efficiently transport natural gas and oil products from mining sites to refineries and other destinations. In addition, so-called slurry pipelines transport products such as coal, which is ground to a powder, mixed with water, and moved as a suspension through the pipes. INTERMODAL SERVICES Small business owners often take advantage of multi-mode deals offered by shipping companies. Under these arrangements, business owners can utilize a given transportation mode in the section of the trip in which it is most cost efficient, and use other modes for other segments of the transport. Overall costs are often significantly lower under this arrangement than with single-mode transport. Of vital importance to small businesses are transporters specializing in small shipments. These include bus freight services, United Parcel Service, Federal Express, DHL International, the United States Postal Service, and others. Since small businesses can be virtually paralyzed by transportation strikes or other disruptions in small shipment service, many owners choose to diversify to include numerous shippers, thus maintaining an established relationship with an alternate shipper should disruptions occur. Additionally, small businesses often rely on freight forwarders who act as transportation intermediaries: these firms consolidate shipments from numerous customers to provide lower rates than are available without consolidation. Freight forwarding not only provides cost savings to small businesses, it provides entrepreneurial opportunities for start-up businesses as well. WAREHOUSING Small business owners who require warehousing facilities must decide whether to maintain their own strategically located depot(s), or resort to holding their goods in public warehouses. And those entrepreneurs who go with non-public warehousing must further decide between storage or distribution facilities. A storage warehouse holds products for moderate to long-term periods in an attempt to balance supply and demand for producers and purchasers. They are most often used by small businesses whose products supply and demand are seasonal. On the other hand, a distribution warehouse assembles and redistributes products quickly, keeping them on the move as much as possible. Many distribution warehouses physically store goods for fewer than 24 hours before shipping them on to customers. In contrast to the older, multi-story structures that dot cities around the country, modern warehouses are long, one-story buildings located in suburban and semi-rural settings where land costs are substantially less. These facilities are often located so that their users have easy access to major highways or other transportation options. Single-story construction eliminates the need for installing and maintaining freight elevators, and for accommodating floor load limits. Furthermore, the internal flow of stock runs a straight course rather than up and down multiple levels. The efficient movement of goods involves entry on one side of the building, central storage, and departure out the other end. Computer technology for automating warehouses is dropping in price, and thus is increasingly available for small business applications. Sophisticated software translates orders into bar codes and determines the most efficient inventory picking sequence. Order information is keyboarded only once, while labels, bills, and shipping documents are generated automatically. Information reaches hand-held scanners, which warehouse staff members use to fill orders. The advantages of automation include low inventory error rates and high processing speeds. INVENTORY CONTROL Inventory control can be a major component of a small business physical distribution system. Costs include funds invested in inventory, depreciation, and possible obsolescence of the goods. Experts agree that small business inventory costs have dropped dramatically due to deregulation of the transportation industry. Inventory control analysts have developed a number of techniques which can help small businesses control inventory effectively. The most basic is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model. This involves a trade-off between the two fundamental components of an inventory control cost: inventory-carrying cost (which increases with the addition of more inventory), and order-processing cost (which decreases as the quantity ordered increases). These two cost items are traded off in determining the optimal warehouse inventory quantity to maintain for each product. The EOQ point is the one at which total cost is minimized. By maintaining product inventories as close to the EOQ point as possible, small business owners can minimize their inventory costs. ORDER PROCESSING The small business owner is concerned with order processingnother physical distribution functionecause it directly affects the ability to meet the customer service standards defined by the owner. If the order processing system is efficient, the owner can avoid the costs of premium transportation or high inventory levels. Order processing varies by industry, but often consists of four major activities: a credit check; recording of the sale, such as crediting a sales representatives commission account; making the appropriate accounting entries; and locating the item, shipping, and adjusting inventory records. Technological innovations, such as increased use of the Universal Product Code, are contributing to greater efficiency in order processing. Bar code systems give small businesses the ability to route customer orders efficiently and reduce the need for manual handling. The coded information includes all the data necessary to generate customer invoices, thus eliminating the need for repeated keypunching. Another technological innovation affecting order processing is Electronic Data Interchange. EDI allows computers at two different locations to exchange business documents in machine-readable format, employing strictly-defined industry standards. Purchase orders, invoices, remittance slips, and the like are exchanged electronically, thereby eliminating duplication of data entry, dramatic reductions in data entry errors, and increased speed in procurement cycles. PROTECTIVE PACKAGING AND MATERIALS HANDLING Another important component of a small business physical distribution system is material handling. This comprises all of the activities associated with moving products within a production facility, warehouse, and transportation terminals. One important innovation is known as unitizingombining as many packages as possible into one load, preferably on a pallet. Unitizing is accomplished with steel bands or shrink wrapping to hold the unit in place. Advantages of this material handling methodology include reduced labor, rapid movement, and minimized damage and pilferage. A second innovation is containerizationhe combining of several unitized loads into one box. Containers that are presented in this manner are often unloaded in fewer than 24 hours, whereas the task could otherwise take days or weeks. This speed allows small export businesses adequate delivery schedules in competitive international markets. In-transit damage is also reduced because individual packages are not handled en route to the purchaser. FURTHER READING: Artman Les. Clancy, David. Distribution Follows Consumer Movement.  Transportation and Distribution.  June 1990. Bowersox, Donald, et al. How Supply Chain Competency Leads to Business Success.  Supply Chain Management.  September 2000. Brenner, Gary, Joel Ewan, and Henry Custer.  The Complete Handbook for the Entrepreneur.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990. Evans, James.  Production and Operations Management: Quality, Performance, and Value.  West Publishing Company, 1997. Schmenner, Roger.  Production and Operations Management: From the Inside Out.  Macmillan, 1993. Supply Chain, Distribution, and Fulfillment.  International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management.  October 2000. Wood, Donald, and James Johnson.  Contemporary Logistics.  Prentice Hall, 1996. SEE ALSO:  Distribution Channels;  Transportation Source:  Encyclopedia of Small Business,  ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved.  Full copyright. Importance of physical distribution by  ADMIN  on  MARCH 28, 2007 Physical distribution / marketing logistics form a pivotal part of the marketing task. It is physical distribution that confers place-utility and time-utility to a product by making it available to the user at the right place and at the right time thereby it maximizes the chance to sell the product and strengthen the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s competitive position. If any product made in any place could be consumed in ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s entirely at the very place of production and at the very time of production, there would be no need for physical distribution of that product. But such products are very rare. In practice, almost every product gets consumed at places and times that are different fro those of their manufacture. They have to be carried to places of consumption; they have to be stored; and they have to be distributed. Where Production Locations and Markets are distanced, Physical Distribution becomes more crucial. In some cases, production locations are totally dictated by considerations like proximity to sources of raw material. As a result, the points of production might be far away from the markets for the product. In some cases, huge production capacities get established at a given location on consideration of technology and economies of scale. In all such cases, the product has to be marketed over an extended territory; it has to be transported over long distances, stored for a considerable length of time and sold. There are products, which are impacted by the seasonality factor- either production is continuous but demand is seasonal, or demand is continuous but production is seasonal. Here too, physical distribution becomes particularly crucial. It has to perform the balancing act between production and consumption. Helps Build Clientele It is physical distribution that determines the customer service level to a large extent. As a result, it serves as a vital tool in building clientele / market for the product. And conversely, ineffective physical distribution leads to loss of customers and markets. A Promising Area for Cost Reduction Physical distribution is a fertile area for cost savings. Over the years, in most businesses, physical distribution costs have grown into a sizeable chunk of the total costs and now ranks second among all cost elements, next only to material costs. And surprisingly, it has remained one of the neglected areas of cost control. The Dark Continent: Peter Drucker has rightly compared physical distribution to the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“dark continent of Africa of napoleonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s daysà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. He said, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“we know about physical distribution today just as much as what Napoleonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s contemporaries knew about the interior of Africa. We know it is there and we know it is big and thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s allà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. The message is obvious. Physical distribution is the most promising area for cost control. more at  http://www.citeman.com/1665-importance-of-physical-distribution.html#ixzz258EK3EJO Warehousing   Warehousing Warehousing is the second major component of physical distribution. Warehousing management has two distinct and equally important parts: 1. The physical job of creating and running the network of storage points and 2. The managerial task of controlling inventory levels without sacrificing service levels. Role and Importance of Warehousing Points below explain the role and importance of warehousing. Like transportation warehousing too vests the product with time utility and place uti   Article On CiteMan.com Inventory management some crucial factors   Inventory management some crucial factors Inventory management is the third major component of physical distribution task. It will be obvious that without effective management of finished product inventory it is impossible to run any business efficiently and profitably. Inventory is Inescapable: Carrying inventories is inescapable in most business. This is because the producing and consuming activities take place at different times in different locations and at different rates. Inventories are   Article On CiteMan.com Sales promotion budget   Sales promotion budget 1. Direct Fixed and Variable Costs: The direct fixed costs are costs of physically distributing samples placing advertisements and point of purchase material etc. Variable costs are payment made to the retailer for each coupon redeemed. 2. Likely market response: The marketer it is suggested should analyze six types of market responses. These are: a Redemption rates b Displacement rates c Acquisition rates d Stock up rates e Conversion rates f Product line effects Le   Article On CiteMan.com Importance of physical distribution   Importance of physical distribution Physical distribution / marketing logistics form a pivotal part of the marketing task. It is physical distribution that confers placeutility and timeutility to a product by making it available to the user at the right place and at the right time thereby it maximizes the chance to sell the product and strengthen the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s competitive position. If any product made in any place could be consumed in ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s entirely at the very place of production and at the    Article On CiteMan.com Transportation   Transportation The importance of transportation in physical distribution emanates from a variety of factors. Transportation confers à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“time utilityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“place utilityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ to the product; it determines the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s customer service; it also has a crucial bearing on the other elements of physical distribution and marketing like warehousing inventory control and channel management. Finally transportation is a very important cost element in most businesses. Assessment of the Transportation Re   Article On CiteMan.com Outsourcing marketing logistics   Outsourcing marketing logistics In recent times firms have been taking to non conventional approaches in the matter of physical distribution / management of marketing logistics. Complete outsourcing of marketing logistics is perhaps is perhaps the most noteworthy of them all. Globally outsourcing of physical distribution and channel services has become the inthing in recent years. Firms strike arrangement with external logistics service providers and allow them to function as their extended arm    Article On CiteMan.com Designing a marketing logistics system   Designing a marketing logistics system The Steps involved in designing a physical distribution system as shown below. The first step distribution objectives of the firm must be properly articulated and the minimum service level to be guaranteed in delivery must be clearly specified. In fact the guaranteed minimum service level in delivery is the key to a physical distribution system. It is also the touchstone for measuring the efficiency of the system. Component Functions of Physical Distributio   Article On CiteMan.com Materials Management An integrated ViewHYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=4546   Materials Management An integrated View The various components of the management of materials were discussed such as: 1. Purchasing 2. Inventory Control 3. Storage and materials handling 4. Physical Distribution of materials Each of these is equally important and although some division of responsibility and authority is necessary for dealing with them we cannot treat them as isolated water tight compartments. The decisions taken by a purchasing executive will have to be tempered or modified by    Article On CiteMan.com Marketing logistics   Marketing logistics Physical distribution / Marketing Logistics Physical distribution is the process of delivering the product to the marketing channels and consumers. It encompasses the various activities involved in the physical flow of the product from the producer to the consumer. Marketing logistics is somewhat larger in scope compared to physical distribution. It covers physical distribution plus a part of the task of marketing channels. While physical distribution takes care of functions    Article On CiteMan.com Physical distribution marketing logistics needs a system approach   Physical distribution marketing logistics needs a system approach As the functions are interdependent the cost there of are also closely interrelated. Very often one function subsidies another For example if the firm is prepared to incur increased costs on transportation it may be in a position reduce its warehousing/inventory cost. This is because in such a case the firm can use the fastest mode of transport and rush the stocks to the desired warehouse unmindful of the transportation cost. Obv   Article On CiteMan.com Physical Distribution Management (PDM)HYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=4530   Physical Distribution Management PDM A customer is served by: 1 identifying an existing or potential need of the customer giving concrete expression and shape to the need through advertising designing the product and pricing it; 2 manufacturing the product; and 3 making the product available to the customer at the right place and time by a proper arrangement of the movements and local storages of the product. Physical Distribution Management function also called Logistics is concerned with item.   Article On CiteMan.com Linear ProgrammingHYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=4833   Linear Programming Linear Programming is an Operations Research technique which originated during the early 1950s. Having diverse practical applications this technique has benefited immensely various organizations in their production and other operations. Prof. G B Dantzig is one of the pioneers in formulating the procedure of linear Programming. This technique can be applied in various situations: long range planning production planning warehousing decisions physical distribution marketing and    Article On CiteMan.com Concept behind physical distributionHYPERLINK http://www.citeman.com/index.php?p=10700   Concept behind physical distribution The concept behind physical distribution is the achievement of the optimum lowest system cost consistent with customer service objectives of the firm. If the activities in the physical distribution system are viewed separately without consideration of their interdependence the final cost of distribution may be higher than the lowest possible cost optimum cost and the quality of service may be adversely affected. Additional variables and costs that are interde   Article On CiteMan.com What is physical distribution in marketing? Physical distribution is the set of activities concerned with efficient movement of finished goods from the end of the production operation to the consumer. Physical distribution takes place within numerous wholesaling and retailing distribution channels, and includes such important decision areas as customer service, inventory control, materials handling, protective packaging, order procession, transportation, warehouse site selection, and warehousing. Physical distribution is part of a larger process called distribution, which includes wholesale and retail marketing, as well the physical movement of products. Read more:  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_physical_distribution_in_marketing#ixzz258KzBFH3 What is the Physical Distribution of Market? Physical Distribution focuses on an efficient movement of manufacturer to intermediaries and the consumer .channel and physical distribution decisions are interrelated but channel decisions tend to be made earlier. The aim is to provide intermediaries and customers with the right products, in the rights quantities, in the right locations, t the right time. Effectives physical distribution save the cost and improve customer service  Ã‚   levels. Cost saving can be achieved by   reducing inventory levels , using cheaper   forms   of transport and shipping   in bluk.Customer service levels   can be improved by   fast and reliable delivery  Ã‚   ,holding high inventory so that a customer have  Ã‚   a wide choice   and the chance of   stock out   are   reduced , fast order processing   and   ensuring   product arrive   in the quantities and   quality .Physical distribution   management   concern   the balance between   cost reduction and   mee ting customer service requirement . Trade offs are often necessary, for instance, low inventory and slow, cheaper transportation method reduce the cost   but lower customer   services levels   and   satisfaction   as well .   Determining this balance is a key marketing decision as physical distribution can be a   source   of  Ã‚   competitive advantage .   Distribution (business) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Marketing Key concepts Product marketing Pricing Distribution Service Retail Brand management Account-based marketing Ethics Effectiveness Research Segmentation Strategy Activation Management Dominance Marketing operations Promotional contents Advertising Branding Underwriting spot Direct marketing Personal sales Product placement Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing Premiums Prizes Promotional media Printing Publication Broadcasting Out-of-home advertising Internet Point of sale Merchandise Digital marketing In-game advertising Product demonstration Word-of-mouth Brand ambassador Drip marketing Visual merchandising v t e Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:  Marketing Distribution channel redirects here. So does Channel (marketing). Product distribution  (or  place) is one of the four elements of the  marketing mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user, using direct means, or using indirect means with  intermediaries. The other three parts of the  marketing mix  are  product,  pricing, and  promotion. Distribution is one of the classic 4 Ps of marketing (product, promotion, price, place a.k.a. distribution). Its a key element in your entire marketing strategy it helps you expand your reach and grow revenue. B2B and B2C companies can sell through a single channel or through multiple channels that may include: Wholesaler/Distributor Direct/Internet Direct/Catalog Direct/Sales Team Value-Added Reseller (VAR) Consultant Dealer Retail Sales Agent/Manufacturers Rep Contents   Ã‚  [hide]   1HYPERLINK #Channels_and_Intermediaries  HYPERLINK #Channels_and_IntermediariesChannels and Intermediaries 2HYPERLINK #Channel_Design  HYPERLINK #Channel_DesignChannel Design 3HYPERLINK #Distribution_Types  HYPERLINK #Distribution_TypesDistribution Types 4HYPERLINK #Channel_Mix  HYPERLINK #Channel_MixChannel Mix 5HYPERLINK #Managing_Channels  HYPERLINK #Managing_ChannelsManaging Channels 5.1HYPERLINK #Channel_Motivation  HYPERLINK #Channel_MotivationChannel Motivation 5.2HYPERLINK #Channel_Conflict  HYPERLINK #Channel_ConflictChannel Conflict 6HYPERLINK #See_also  HYPERLINK #See_alsoSee also 7HYPERLINK #References  HYPERLINK #ReferencesReferences 8HYPERLINK #Lin

Public Prayers at High School Sporting Events Essays -- essays researc

Public Prayers at High School Sporting Events The Supreme Court has just received Santa Fe v the people, in this case the students was banned from saying a prayer at a foot ball game . The constitution protects the right to free speech. Therefore, there is no reason for this case to have come up in the first place. If someone does not want to hear a prayer, they do not have to listen to it. If I were the judge I would rule that banning prayer at school events is unconstitutional. The first reason I would use that banning prayer is unconstitutional is the first amendment to the constitution says, â€Å" Congress shall make no laws against free expression of religion†. The right to free expression of religion is one of the fundamental freedoms this country was founded on. Therefore, if Cong...

Edmonia Lewis and Henry Ossawa Tanner

When considering art there are many elements involved in a work of art. The most important elements in art are the most obvious one's to see. Mary Edmonia Lewis and Henry Ossawa Tanner are two artists who have created art that speak to people in depth of their creativity and inspiration from others. Although these two artists study two different genres of art, both of these artists have great talent that has been recognized throughout the world. Mary Edmonia Lewis who was born in 1843 and Henry Ossawa Tanner who was born in 1859 have come a very long way, and overcame countless obstacles to become successful. Edmonia Lewis was the first African American woman in the United States to gain widespread recognition as an artist, and the first African American in the United States to gain an international reputation as a sculptor† (Mary 40). Edmonia Lewis spent her early childhood with her mother's family, the Chippewa Indians. She was known as Wildfire, and her brother was known as Sunrise. Edmonia and her brother were orphaned when Edmonia was about ten years old, two aunts took them in as children. Both Edmonia and Sunrise lived in northern New York state (Buick 10).Sunrise, with wealth from the California Gold Rush, financed prep school education for Edmonia Lewis, and then an education at Oberlin College, beginning in 1859. It wasn’t until Edmonia entered Oberlin College that she started going by her birth name. Edmonia was considered a very popular student in college. On January 27, 1862 Edmonia’s college life took a turn for the worse. While at Oberlin College, Edmonia was accused of poisoning two white female students, who also boarded at John Keep's home, a well- known Oberlin trustee. While awaiting trial, she was nearly beaten to death.Edmonia was defended in court by John Mercer Langston, an Oberlin graduate. She was acquitted and carried from the courtroom on the shoulders of supportive friends, and continued her studies at Oberlin fo r a while. After a couple months went by Edmonia considered moving back with her mother but instead Edmonia decided to go to Boston and study with Edmond Brackett, a local sculptor. Edmonia had some success, especially among American tourists. Edmonia was known for her depictions of African, African American, or Native American people.Some of Edmonia’s best-known sculptures are, Forever Free created in 1867, which is a sculptor of a black woman and black man celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation. Another one of her best sculptures goes by the name of, â€Å"Hagar in the Wilderness†. Which was created a year after â€Å"Forever Free†. The Hagar in the Wilderness was a sculpture of an Egyptian handmaiden of Sarah and Abraham, mother of Ishmael. One of her most talked about works is â€Å"The Death of Cleopatra†, Created in (1875). This sculpture is known to be a representation of the Egyptian queen.Edmonia created the more realistic â€Å"The Death of Cleopatra† for the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial it was also displayed at the 1878 Chicago Exposition. Unfortunately this piece of art was lost for a century. Soon the statue was moved and then rediscovered, and it was restored in 1987. As Edmonia started to gain proceeds from her work, she opened a studio of her own. Among all the pieces that Edmonia created â€Å"there were a medallion of John Brown and a bust of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, Civil-War leader of Massachusetts Fifity-Fourth, an all-black regiment† (Mary 42).With the funds she received from those two pieces Edmonia was able to study in Europe. As Edmonia sprouted into her sculpting career, she also influenced other artists to follow in her footsteps. While Edmonia was a very talented and creative artist her length of popularity proved to be somewhat brief. Although Edmonia life ended too soon, her work still lives on to this day. Today, Edmonia’s work is represented by Henry Wadsworth a well-known po et. Two of Edmonia’s best sculptures, â€Å"A bust of Abraham Lincoln† and â€Å"Forever Free† are on display in the Municipal Library of San Jose, California.Edmonia finished â€Å"Forever Free† in 1868 and sent it to a wealthy abolitionist named, Samuel Sewall. Lydia Maria scolded Edmonia for sculpting the piece into marble without a commission, and eventually Lydia withdrew her support. Edmonia was honored the following year when the sculpture was presented to Rev. Leonard Grimes, a leading black abolitionist. Edmonia also sculpted â€Å"Hagar in the Wilderness† in 1868, a little while after becoming Catholic. Edmonia quotes â€Å"Some praise me because I am a colored girl, and I don't want that kind of praise. I had rather you would point out my defects, for that will teach me something† (Buick 4).With this quote, Edmonia Lewis is remembered forever for her creativity and talent as a highly skilled sculptor. Henry Ossawa Tanner was the s on of a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Henry was also raised in an affluent, well-educated African-American family. Although Henry’s parents were unwilling at first, they eventually responded positively to Henry’s determined desire to follow an artistic career and they began to encourage his determinations. In 1879, Henry enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where he joined Thomas Eakins's coterie.Henry moved to Atlanta in 1889 in an unsuccessful attempt to support himself as an artist and instructor. A woman by the name of Mrs. Joseph C. Hartzell arranged Tanner's first solo exhibition, being that he was already a struggling artist. She also arranged for the proceeds to go to Henry, so that he could move to Paris in 1891. A disturbing Illness brought Henry back to the United States in 1893, at this time in Henry’s career he turned his attention to genre subjects of his own race. Henry was different from a lot of artists in man y ways. In 1893 most American artists painted African-American subjects either as sentimental figures of rural poverty† (Burgard 12). Henry, who wanted to represent black subjects with self-respect, wrote: â€Å"Many of the artists who have represented Negro life have seen only the comic, the ludicrous side of it, and have lacked sympathy and appreciation for the warm big heart that dwells within such a rough exterior. † (Burgard 15). This gave Henry the motivation to create the piece â€Å"The Banjo Lesson† The banjo had become a symbol of ridicule, and cartoons of bland, smiling African-Americans strumming the instrument were a cliche.In â€Å"The Banjo Lesson†, Tanner challenges the stereotype head on. â€Å"The Banjo Lesson† is a work of art, portraying a man teaching his young son to play the instrument. Tanner recreated the father in The Banjo Lesson as a mentor, and wise man. The Banjo Lesson is about sharing knowledge and passing on wisdom t o others. In the fall of 1888, Henry returned to Atlanta and taught drawing for two years at Clark College. After discussing his ambitions to travel abroad with Bishop and Mrs. Hartzell, they arranged an exhibition of Tanner's works in Cincinnati in the fall of l890.When no paintings were sold, the Hartzells bought the entire collection. This is what made Henry the talented artist that he was. Not only was Henry’s art fascinating to look at but, his art work also had sentimental meaning and value. Henry’s art had purpose and meaning to share with others. Within Henry’s work, he hoped to reach out to others by sharing his wisdom. With all Henry’s proceeds from various art works, Henry was able to return to Paris in 1895, he established a reputation as a salon artist and religious painter but he never painted genre subjects of African-Americans again.Henry was a very talented and prestigious artist, â€Å"In 1908 his first one-man exhibition of religious p aintings in the United States was held at the American Art Galleries in New York† (Richardson 15). Two years later, Tanner was elected a member of the National Academy of Design. In Henry’s later years, he was a symbol of hope and inspiration for African-American leaders and young black artists, many of those African American leaders visited him in Paris. On May 25, 1937, Henry died at his home in Paris.After Henry’s death in Paris, interest in Henry's works lessened significantly. The most renowned of all black artists was rediscovered, largely as a result of a major exhibit in New York, in 1967. Two years later the Smithsonian Institution presented a large reflective that spread far throughout the United States. Although Henry’s art â€Å"Banjo Lesson† is considered a classic work of art, Allthough Henry Ossawa Tanner passed away too soon, he lived a long life of adventure and experience, and his art work will live on forever.

Conflict in story “The Kind of Light that Shines on Texas” Essay

In the story â€Å"The Kind of Light that Shines on Texas† by Reginald McKnight we encounter several conflicts that our main character, Clint, an African American child who attends a public school back in 1960, Waco, Texas. He faces through out the story several conflicts with society and also the conflicts he faces personally like living in prejudice. He also has problems with his mother due to his inner problems and lack of communication in the house. The point of view of this story is what really makes it so engaging and easy to read. This story is surrounded by conflict since the beginning, when we learn about the class ration of white kids to black kids and our main character is having a really bad experience because he is not getting anything positive out of going to school, his teachers and classmates are not nice to him, they make inappropriate comments which are for the black kids and also bullying from another student towards Clint, and as a result, he get into troub le in school. Clint has several conflicts in the story; the first one is person vs. society. Clint is struggling with the racism that was present in the 60’s in a southern conservative Texan town. The conflict he encounters is that his teacher, Mrs. Wickham, makes inappropriate comments towards the African American students in front of the whole class and then insists the comments where jokes, â€Å"Now don’t you nigra children take offense. This is all fun, you know,†(McKnight, 2006, pg. 226.) Basically making fun of her students and trying to show the other kids that it is okay to laugh at others. This affect Clint because he is the pun in the joke, he is the target to engage to make fun off and this is exactly what Oakley does when he begins to bully Clint. Also this make Client feel like an alien in the class. The other conflict we encounter with Clint is with him trying to understand why society is doing this to him and his similar classmates, why is Mrs. Wickham telling mean jokes, why is no one saying something about the insulting comments. He also starts to wonder why Marvin, the other African American boy in his class, does what he does in class, he wonders why does he spit on his arm and rubs it, â€Å"He had the habit of spitting on his right arm, juicing it down till it would glisten.† (McKnight, 2006, pg. 223.) Instead of helping Clint with his conflicts, also aimed at Marvin and why does he has to be the only target of the teacher and the class bully Oakley. That’s when he remembers the class they had the lights and prism, this made him remember what he learned. â€Å"The color of the  thing isn’t what you see, but the light that’s reflected off it.† (McKnight, 2006, pg. 233.) Here is where he learns that the all are the same but it’s due to the light that they appear to be different. I believe that the conflict is not resolved but Clint learn a valuable lesson about who he really is and Clint gets involved in a fight with his bully Oakley which is the persons vs. perso n conflict, it all started because the gym teacher was the instigator for the conflict to happened, he was the one who put the black kid against the white kid, he knew what was going on, and its because of this that the conflict starts. However there is a twist, Marvin steps up to the bully to defend Clint and give Oakley a beating. We don’t know the actual outcome of the story, but due to the whole set up, we might get an idea of what happened to Marvin. I believe that the possible resolution to this fight is that Marvin could have either get expelled from school because they lived in a conservative town or at least get a really hard punishment, on the other half, Oakley could be suspended for a couple of days or just go off with a warning. The mother son conflict in the story is what Clint really doesn’t want to talk about his mother about the problems he is facing in school, she shows no emotion or care towards him; he would rather be with his dad than his mother, but in this case it can’t be done because his father is in Vietnam fighting the war. She show’s no emotion when they talk, probably the most flat character in the story, she seems to be sad because his husband is away or has so many things going through her mind that stopped paying attention to her family. Instead Clint shows different emotion, like anger, confusion, and disappointment when he feels he can’t communicate with his mother and tell her about the problems he is having in school. In the story, we see that the point of view id form a child, who is beginning to learn about life and society, he feels confused because he doesn’t understand why is he the target and source of conflict in school, this is why we get engaged so easily when we begin reading the story, because we have always been in a similar position when we were younger, we did not understand fully why was something happening and did not received a clear response from the grownups surrounding us. I like it that the story is in 1st person because and we can really connect with t he main character and understand why is he struggling so more, as well as the factor that it’s a boy who is telling the story, we sense the innocence in the writing because  he does not understand why is the teacher making jokes about the 3 students and desperation he must be feeling when he goes to school and has to face all the conflicts. This story is a great example to show conflict between person and society as well as person vs. person. We get the chance to see how Clint sees society and how the school and town he is growing up is. We encounter how Clint has a problem with society because of the way they are treated in class and how the teachers are just making them feel inferior to the other students. Also how the school system plays a roll in the story because of the student ratio of 1:10 students seem to bother a lot Clint. In the story there also is a person vs. person conflict when the fight with Oakley takes place during the gym period, which it was basically set up by the gym teacher who told them that Reference: McKnight, R. (1992) The Kind of Light that Shines on Texas. In P. Shreve & B. Minh (Eds.) 30/30 Thirty American stories from the last thirty years. (Pp. 223-234) New York: Pearson Longman.